Essay about Othello Iagos Soliloquies and Intentions

Iago’s Soliloquies and Intentions In every play there is at least one character that jumps of the page and begs for your attention. In The Tragedy of Othello by William Shakespeare this character is Iago. Iago is a devious man, liar, manipulator, and psychopath. It seems as though in the world of Shakespeare there is always consent power struggles throughout almost all his plays (list several examples) However, to me the most interesting of all of these, is in the play Othello. Where Iago seeks revenge on an unknowing Othello. Iago Othello’s trusted ensign betrays him in the most deceitful ways. One would conclude that Iago would have motive behind his ruthless and elaborate plans. My theory is that Iago had committed these moral†¦show more content†¦He uses his language and he self-awareness to create a false perception of himself, one he wishes others to believe. Othello often takes Iago’s words with great face, often referring to him as loyal and honest. It is Othello who is the fooled by th is perception pronouncing him â€Å" Honest Iago†. Iago seems to know how he should act in society, what the proper rules and protocols are however he disobeys them without hesitation. He has a wife Emilia, and although to me it seems that he doesn’t care for her why does he keep her around, perhaps to blend in with the others, as to not drawl attention to himself. In Iago’s first soliloquy he reveals bits of his plans, and motives behind them. Iago confesses that he plans to destroy Othello â€Å" but for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor†. Declaring his hate for Othello his plots against him for fun and for his own personal gain. He later gives the excuse that Othello may have slept with his wife Emilia â€Å"and it is thought abroad that ’twixt my sheets h’as done my office†, but this seems hard to believe because it doesn’t seem to bother him all that much. He doesn’t even bother to find out if this claim is even true or not. This is where we really get to see Iago’s ingenious, he decides to kill to birds with one stone â€Å"In double knavery† his victims are Othello and Cassio. He states that he will plant seeds ofShow MoreRelatedWhat Do Iagos Two Soliloquies Tell Us (the Audience) About His Motives and Character?680 Words   |  3 PagesIagos intentions and motives for the malicious and evil acts he performs can be fully realized when he reads his soliloquies to the audience. It gives Iago the chance to be completely honest for once and provides the irony when the audience knows Iagos plans but the other characters are unaware and call him ‘Honest Iago. In Iagos soliloquy in Act 1 Scene 3, Iago exclaims I hate the Moor; he repeats this sentence many times during the first act of the play. The reasons for his hatred areRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pages Previously, in Act 3.4, Othello begins to suspect Desdemona’s loyalty, as he continuously asks Desdemona for the handkerchief, yet she keeps on changing the topic. In Act 4.1, Iago continues to convince Othello of Desdemona’s faithfulness. In Act 3.4, Othello defended Desdemona when Iago accused her; but in Act 4.1, their position is switched. Othello becomes more aware of what Iago is saying and the anger that he has towards Iago has significantly reduced, while he begins to doubt Desdemona.Read MoreIagos Soliloquy Analysis Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pages Soliloquies play a vital role in William Shakespeare’s works. One of the most important examples of soliloquy use by a character was provided by Iago throughou t the play, Othello. A soliloquy is side speech given by a character that is directed to the audience; it most often used to reveal emotions or thoughts of a character in a play. Iago’s use of soliloquies are very unique and stand out from any other character. They constantly change the audiences opinion of him. Each of Iago’s eleven soliloquiesRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1678 Words   |  7 Pagesmasterpieces and tragedies such as Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet caused a remarkable turning point in English literature as whole, and English drama in particular.His play Othellois one of his unforgettable tragedies. The play of Othello is the finest example of Shakespeare’s poetic and narrative style. Thus, Shakespeare is known as the most influential dramatist whose tragedies found the way to interact with the audience.Shakespeare’s Othello is about jealousy, revenge and deceptionRead MoreHow Does Shakespeare Use Language an d Dramatic Devices to Present the Theme of Jealousy in Othello?1497 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Shakespeare use language and dramatic devices to present the theme of jealousy in Othello? ----- Othello weaves a tragic tale of love, jealousy and murder. Set in Venice and progressing to Cyprus, Shakespeare’s Othello follows the cursed path of its namesake, a black soldier whose love for his wife ultimately results in her death. Woven into the socially and emotionally delicate plot is a multitude of key themes, including race (Othello’s colour), love, and jealousy. A key figure, if notRead MoreAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Act 1 is an exceptionally indicative passage of writing in which Shakespeare attempts to divulge the coarse essence of Iagos nature to the audience. Indeed, by the conclusion of line 66 the audience not only understands - in broad terms - Iagos motives and grievances, but also something of the manner in which he intends to consummate Read MoreIagos Soliloquies in Wiliam Shakespeares Othello Essay471 Words   |  2 PagesIagos Soliloquies in Wiliam Shakespeares Othello Through soliloquies in the play, Iago shares his plans and thoughts with the audience. Its through this method that the audience discovers his intentions and motives for his actions. Until the third act there are 3 soliloquies and in each one he shares his thoughts and lets the audience some where into his mind. Critics have suggested that through this confidence he shares with the audience, they become his accomplicesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The Existence Of Power1110 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare displays the presence of power in his work of Othello wielded by his mastermind of a character, Iago. Throughout Shakespeare’s play, the existence of power results in a tragedy for the characters of Othello. The play involves themes of jealousy, racism, hate and judgment that all relate to one having power over others. Knowing that Cassio had been promoted to the rank of lieutenant over Iago himself, he seeks to exact revenge on Othello for overlooking his capabilities to be promoted andRead MoreIago in Shakespeares Othello Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares Othello is a remarkable tale of trust, deceitfulness, lust and the most destructive of human emotions: vengeance and hatred. Iago better known as Othellos antagonist embodies vengeance and hatred to move an agenda to squash all who oppose Iagos plans. As defined by Merrium-Webster the definition of a protagonist is a principal character in a literary work or a leading actor, character, or participant in a literary work. Othello by Shakespeare is a play about Othello an example ofRead MoreShakespeare Movie vs Play712 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares Othello: Movie (Oliver parker 1995) Vs. Play Oliver parkers Othello came out in 1995 with Laurence Fishburne as Othello this is also the first time Othello was played by a coloured actor, Kenneth Branagh as Iago and Irene Jacob as Desdemona. Parker kept the original plot and language intact, however the movie seemed to give Othello life through visual and audio aids. Parkers Othello enables the viewer to associate on a personal level and compliments to the anticipation and imagination

U.s. President s National Policy - 844 Words

Public approval has always been an essential part of the American Presidency. But times have changed and today U.S. Presidents make public appearances to make sure that the public approval rating of them is favorable. These public appearances allow the president to show off positive characteristics like integrity and courage which makes the President likeable to the American people. The president’s public displays to the American people has essentially turned him into a spectacle. The change of the Presidential image into to a public spectacle is being used by modern presidents as a propaganda tool that helps them to implement each U.S. president’s national policy. One of the best examples of the Presidential spectacle being used as a propaganda tool was during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Reagan was elected into office at a time when the preceding President, Jimmy Carter, received disapproval from the American public because he was perceived as weak due to his mishandling of the Iranian hostage crisis. Reagan used Jimmy Carter’s poor approval rating to his advantage and was able to portray himself as a strong masculine leader to the public. The media showed images to the public of Reagan riding horses and exercising, which defined him as a spectacle who was a strong militant leader. Reagan’s image as a strong leader helped him to achieve public approval for military intervention in Grenada. Grenada was a socialist state in the Caribbean and the Reagan administrationShow MoreRelatedThe United States And The Civil Rights Movement903 Words   |  4 PagesBeginning in the 1960’s the growing strength of the civil rights mo vement struck the attention of political figures that influenced calls to reform the U.S. immigration policy. 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President Eisenhower and President Johnson each took different approaches while confronting these crises. The personalities, motives and predispositions of the Presidents and their circle of closest advisors exp lain how they shaped their policies and how they responded to the events. The decisions these Presidents made have had a long-lasting effect on theRead MoreThe Reagan Tax Cuts and Foreign Policy1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reagan Tax Cuts and Foreign Policy During the 1980s President Ronald Reagans (our 40th president from 1981 to 1989) domestic policy of a substantial tax cut led to greatly increased economic prosperity for our country. During Reagans administration marked changes were made to the tax code and economic statistics showed a major change for the better. However, at the same time, the Democrats controlled the Congress and continued increased spending against Reagans wishes. The Joint Economic

Separation of Power free essay sample

In this essay I shall attempt to analyse whether the separation of powers is respected in the attribution of competences within the European Union. The separation of powers In order to assess this question we first have to consider what the doctrine of separation of powers actually is. The idea was developed by the French jurist Montesquieu in the 18th Century. It is based on a division of power between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Each institution have their distinct and largely exclusive domain. The legislative function involves the enactment of general rules determining the structure and powers of public authorities and regulating the conduct of citizens and private organisations. The executive’s main function is to carry out the law. It initiates legislation, maintains order, promotes social and economic welfare, administrates public services and conducts external relations of the state among other things. The primary judicial function is to determine disputed questions of fact and law in accordance with the law laid down by the legislature. The concept of â€Å"separation† may mean at least three different things: (i)that the same persons should not form part of more than one of the three organs of government, e. g. , that ministers should not sit in Parliament; (ii)that one organ of government should not control or interfere in judicial decisions; (iii)that one organ of government should not exercise the functions of another, e. g. , that ministers should not have legislative powers. The reason why there should be a separation of powers is so that each distinct institution can carry out its function independently and check the other two – a form of checks and balances. The doctrine is opposed to the concentration of state power in a single person or group, since that is a clear threat to democratic government and in the same sense it is important that the legislature is not only a rubber stamp for the executive. Even an independent judiciary is necessary if the rule of law is to have any substance. It is in the US’ constitution that this doctrine can best be seen. How then does the division of power look like within the European Union? The ain institutions within the Union are the Council of the EU (also known as the Council of Ministers), the European Commission, the European Parliament (the EP) and the European Court of Justice (the ECJ). In deep contrast to the doctrine of separation of powers, there is no independent legislature or executive within the EU. Almost all of the institutions are interrelated and there is no clear separation of competences. Only the judiciary (the ECJ) is more or less separated from the other institutions rega rding its judiciary powers. The Legislature In the EU, the legislative power is shared between the Council of EU and the European Parliament. The Council is the EU’s main decision-making institution and final legislative authority. However, it shares competence with the EP in respect to the legislative power. For a wide range of Community issues it exercises its legislative power in co-decision with the Parliament. The role of the Council as the main decision-making institution in the EU is defined in terms of three pillars set out in the Treaty of Maastricht. The first pillar covers a wide range of policies such as agriculture, environment, transport, energy and development. The Council may either adopt, amend or ignore the proposed law. However, a wide range of legislation is subject to a co-decision procedure. Depending on the individual legal basis, the EP takes part, to varying degrees, in the drafting of Community legislation. The role of the EP as co-legislator applies to a wide range of issues 39 legal bases in the EC Treaty. The co-decision procedure means that legislation has to be adopted by both the Council and the Parliament. This is a clear example of the mixture of competences that exists within the EU. For the two other pillars the Council is the sole decision-maker. Instead there is a consultation procedure, which requires consultation from the EP before the Council can adopt a legislative proposal. The Council is not required to accept the amendments listed in the opinion of the EP. The Council and the Parliament also constitute the budgetary authority adopting the Community’s budget and overseeing its implementation. The Executive Executive power in the EU is shared between the European Commission and the Council of EU. The Commission plays a major role in the EU’s policy-making process as EU laws are mainly enforced by Commission action. One of the distinct functions of the Commission is initiating proposals for legislation. The Commission is the main institution preparing proposals. However, concerning common foreign and security policy and co-operation on justice and home affairs, the Council is the promoter of initiatives and also the institution implementing the policies. But the Commission may submit a proposal. The Commission has also the budgetary initiative, drawing up the preliminary draft budget, which is put to the Council. Even the Parliament has a right of initiative. It has the possibility of asking the Commission to put forward a proposal and it is also involved in the budgetary procedure from the preparation stage, particularly in laying down the general guidelines and the type of spending. This is completely against the doctrine of separation of powers. Within this principle it is unthinkable that the same institution that is legislating is also the same body drafting the proposals for legislation. The Commission is also a negotiator of international trade and co-operation agreements with third countries, or groups of countries, which are put to the Council for conclusion. In an ordinary legal system, both the negotiating and the concluding of international agreements would be made by the executive, which would then have to be presented to the legislature. In the EU, in some cases, the Council cannot even conclude the agreements by itself, but has to consult the Parliament or even have its assent before being able to do so. The Judiciary The only function that has remained more or less distinct within the EU is the judicial function. The judiciary comprises of the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance. The Court of Justice is responsible for enhancing the effectiveness of EU law and integration. Its two main functions are to directly apply the law and a general responsibility for interpreting the provisions of the European Treaty. However, even here there is to some extent a mixture of power. The reason for this lies with the Commission, which is quasi-judicial. Under certain circumstances, the Commission can fine individuals, firms and organisations for infringing Treaty law. But its decisions can be appealed. The ECJ can be consulted by the Member States and enterprises when they want to appeal against fines imposed by the Commission. Checks and balances Even though the system of the institutions of the EU is not compatible with the doctrine of the separation of powers the most important function of the doctrine still exists – institutional balance. Despite the mixture of the allocation of powers, there still remains a form of â€Å"checks and balances†. Commission proposals, actions and decisions are in various ways scrutinised, checked and judged by the other institutions. For instance, the Commission is answerable to the EP, which has the power to dismiss it by vote of censure or no confidence. The Commission attends all the sessions of the EP and must explain and justify its policies if so requested by members of the house and it must reply to written or oral questions put by the MEPs. The Commission’s management of the EU budget is also scrutinised by the Court of Auditors which is responsible for examining the legality and regularity of revenue and expenditure and for ensuring the sound financial management of the EU budget. On the basis of the Court of Auditors’ reports, it is the EP which gives the final discharge for the execution of the annual budget. The EP also exercises control over the Council; its representatives appearing regularly before the Parliament. Conclusion It can clearly be seen that the doctrine of separation of powers is not respected in the attribution of competences within the EU. However, complete separation of powers is possible neither in theory nor in practice, if by this is meant that each function is exercised in isolation from the others. Even in the US there is no complete separation of powers between the executive, legislative and judicial functions. In fact, even Montesquieu did not mean that legislature and executive should not have any influence over the acts of each other, but only that neither should exercise the whole power of the other. Instead it can be argued that what is more important is that there is an elaborate system of checks and balances to enable control and influence to be exercised by each branch upon the others. The best example of this is the UK, where there is no clear separation of powers, but where we instead have a developed form of checks and balances to ensure that no arbitrary decisions are taken. Although it can be argued whether the checks and balances that exist in the EU is as effective and elaborate as the ones in the US and the UK. In conclusion, the separation of powers is not respected in the attribution of competences within the EU. However, the lack of a clear, threefold allocation of functions is not necessary as long as there is an effective form of checks and balances.

Was their love/death fate Essay Example

Was their love/death fate? Essay Romeo and Juliet were set for hard times of struggle during their love, as is shown in the very first sentences of the play: From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Peoples views on the ending to Romeo and Juliets love affair varies from people saying it was fate that they should have so many obstacles, to get past them all and then end up dying with each other because love was impossible, to others saying it was merely a coincidence. The definition of fate is: The supposed force, principle, or power that predetermines events. We will write a custom essay sample on Was their love/death fate? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Was their love/death fate? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Was their love/death fate? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This means that no matter what you do to overcome obstacles, fate will still intercept and you cant decide what happens. You may think you have a choice, but fate will do as it wishes. This is some peoples view in Romeo and Juliet, and if I go by that particular definition, then I agree with that. As the story starts, Romeo is in love with the beautiful Rosaline, but she in turn does not love him back. This makes his best friend Mercutio and his cousin Benvolio even more determined to make him find someone that can love him in return. Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. You are a lover; borrow Cupids wings and soar with them above a common bound. This is the first clue that it is fate that will lead Romeo to death if he had not fallen for a woman that did not love him back, and his friends be so eager to set him up with someone, he would not have gone to the party and would not have fallen in love with someone he had to sneak around with to be with. When Romeo first spots Juliet, he sees her straight away as the most beautiful creature hes ever seen, and declares his love for her to himself. Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear! Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight for I neer saw true beauty till this night. The most unfortunate part of the first act happens here, as Tybalt, Juliet Capulets cousin, notices that Romeo is in fact a Montague, and is about to start a fight with him, when Sir Capulet intervenes, and when finds out that Romeo is a Montague, actually seems to not be bothered, and says that there is nothing wrong with him. Content thee, gentle coz, let him alone; he bears him like a portly gentleman and, to say truth, Verona brags of him to be a virtuous and well-governd youth. If this was Sir Capulets view on Romeo, then if Romeo and Juliet had told him the news of their love, they may have been allowed to continue with their love affair without having to die because of it. This shows that it was fate that intervened because they didnt see any of this happen, therefore couldnt make it so they could be together. When Juliet, after meeting Romeo for the first time and immediately falling in love with him, is pulled away by the nurse to see her mother, the urgent meeting is about Paris, a very well-known and rich man. Her mother insists that the two of them would pair perfectly, and that now Juliet could marry a good and proper man. Romeo at the time is, too, horrified he realises that Juliet is a Capulet, the only family that he must avoid due to a long-standing family feud. Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foes debt. The line that Ive emblazoned in bold is a big clue that he will die for his foe, i.e. the family Capulet. Juliet is a Capulet, and he dies for her his life is a debt for Juliet. I think from then on, it is so pure and they are so in love so quickly, that it really is due to fate that all this is happening. I dont think that alone two teenagers could fall in love within a space of a few hours, so fate has something to do with their relationship. When Juliet and Romeo meet up at the balcony, Romeo proclaims after being told that if he is found he would be killed, My life were better ended by their hate, than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. In a way, the hate of the Capulets against the Montagues is fate. They have been loathing each other because of a long-held family feud; the ancestors that are actually alive at the time have no recollection of what the feud was actually about. Their hate seems to be controlled by fate, because if they forgave and forgot, Romeo and Juliet could be together. After Romeo and Juliet have married, Tybalt threatens to kill Romeo for his appearance at the Capulet mansion the night before. As Mercutio and Tybalt fight, Romeo is desperate to keep peace, but when Mercutio is stabbed, Romeo is delivered scalding words from his best friend. A plague o both your houses! They have made worms meat of me: I have it, and soundly too: your houses! Mercutio has almost told them of their fate that they, like him, will be worm meat. After Romeo and Juliet consecrate their marriage, Juliet almost foresees their fate in the future when she asks, O thinkst thou we shall ever meet again? And when Romeo replies that there is no doubt about it, she replies, O God, I have an ill-divining soul! Methinks I see thee, now thou art below, as one dead in the bottom of a tomb: Either my eyesight fails, or thou lookst pale. This is like Juliets final goodbye; this is the last time she sees him alive before she takes the sleeping-dead draught that Friar Lawrence gives her. She has told him what is to happen to him, but as they know nothing of their fate, they cannot change their plans. If Romeo had seen Friar Lawrence once more before leaving, he couldve saved himself and Juliet. When Juliet is forced to marry Paris, she goes to the Friar Lawrence for help. He gives her the draught, and tells her hell send a messenger to Romeo so he does not hear the news and do anything stupid. Relieved, she takes the draught and is seen to be dead the next morning. The messenger does not get to Romeo, as he is not allowed entry to Mantua due to diseases. Because of this, Romeo doesnt get the message sent by Friar Lawrence telling him that Juliet is not dead at all, but waiting to re-awaken and to be with Romeo once more. He is told by a friend that she is dead, and plans to kill himself by her side. When he arrives, she is close to awakening, but he does not realise; he takes the poison he purchased from the apothecary and dies beside her. When Juliet awakens, she sees her love dead below her, and looks at the poison vial. When she sees that he did not leave any for her, she takes his sword and impales herself with it, the two star-crossed lovers dying together. The play ends with Prince saying, Where be these enemies? Capulet! Montague! See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate, That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love. And I for winking at your discords too Have lost a brace of kinsmen: all are punishd. He proclaims that it is the fault of their parents for hating each other for no reason, and blames himself for shutting an eye to their constant arguments. Because of their carelessness, they have lost their children, two that were happy in each others company, and being torn apart by the family drove them to insanity. The whole play is based on love, and what fate can do to intercept between two lovers. I think that fate played the most important part in the play, and that had fate not been playing a part, the two star-crossed lovers would have been together happily, overcoming any obstacles thrown their way by coincidence.

10 Min Job On Robert Frost Mending Wall Essays - Mending Wall

10 Min Job On Robert Frost Mending Wall Essays - Mending Wall 10 Min Job On Robert Frost Mending Wall One way you can read Mending Wall by Robert Frost is that it is about a man who rebuilds the wall seperating his property from his neighbours. This man, this persona created by Gray doesnt seem to believe there is a use for the wall as he [the neighbour] is all pine and I [the persona] am apple orchard but his neighbour believes that good fences make good neighbours. The persona tries to change his neighbours opinion by trying to put a notion in his head but his neighbour seems to just ignore him. So the persona gets annoyed and thinks of him as an old-stone savage. This is a very simple situation which we can all relate to. But, if we read deeper into the poem we may find the meanings that Robert Frost wanted us to see. Firstly, as we know that this persona is against the building of walls where not necessary we find that it is this persona that initiates the re-building of the wall I let my neighbour know beyond the hill. This gives the reader something to think about it puts quest ions in the readers mind as to why he would initiate this if he doesnt think its necessary. One reason may be that this persona enjoys the company of his neighbour but he gets frustrated with him. Maybe this persona is a lonely person and any company is good company they meet to walk the line. Maybe through mending the wall between them they are mending their friendship. These are all viable options and as we read further into the poem we may understand to a greater extent why he does this. When the two start building the wall the reader may notice that words such as we and our are used giving the feeling of cooperation and companionship. The persona once calls this task an outdoor game which connotes feelings of enjoyment, cooperation, competition. The fact that they walk the line one on a side gives a visual image in the readers mind and may remind them of a tennis game. I must emphasize that what is being told in the poem is from the personas point of view not directly Frosts so the reader must beware and realise that it is possible that the persona is wrong in some of his comments. There where it is we do not need the wall this comment being straight to the point makes the reader feel as if the persona is denying the fact that it is the wall that brings the two men together to cooperate with one another and to converse with one another (to a certain extent). The line directly after this comment segregates the two from one another by contrasting the type of people they are with each other. he is all pine and I am all apple orchard the fact that this statement comes directly after the comment on the uselessness of the wall suggests that it is these kind of attitudes that puts a barrier between people thus segregating them from one another. Personification of the personas apple trees is used to explain to the reader just how much this persona undermines his neighbour. my apple trees will never get across, and eat the cones under his pines. Even though this co mment is light-hearted and almost humorous it gives the reader the impression that the persona thinks of himself as a more intelligent person than his neighbour thus feeling that he needs to explain why the wall is unnecessary.

Indian highways account for a vast minority Essays

Indian highways account for a vast minority Essays Indian highways account for a vast minority Essay Indian highways account for a vast minority Essay Table of Contentss 1. Introduction 2. Background and Literature Review I ) From Domestic to Foreign Car Purchases: The Turning Shift two ) Automotive Companies in India: Foreign and Domestic three ) Anatomy of a Developing Economy four ) Consumer Behavior Characteristics: Value vs. Ostentation V ) Brand Image: Domestic vs. Foreign six ) A Assorted Market: Rootss and Consequences seven ) Cases in Point: Foreign Investment Plus Domestic Equity Equals Success 3. Datas Analysis I ) Gross saless Figures two ) Customer Satisfaction 4. Discussion I ) Consumer Purchasing Model 5. Decision 6. Literature Cited 1. Introduction The Indian domestic car market represents a turning industry both through direct gross revenues and component supply. Several factors are acknowledged in literature as engines behind growing within the car sector. These include an addition in metropolis industrial growing, rural agricultural sector growing and constitution of several foreign houses such as Toyota and Hyundai. The growing in car gross revenues can hence be seen as a microcosm of capitalist economy booming in a antecedently state-run economic system. Highlighted under such protections is a fresh pick among consumers between domestic and foreign produced merchandises. Commercial attempts are hence dually fronted towards streamlining production and accommodating theoretical accounts to typical Indian consumer life style and budget – moves aimed to minimise costs and maximise gross, severally. The rise in car gross revenues can besides be analyzed from the position of the effects precipitated. One of the most powerful effects stemming from rise in car gross revenues is that of nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations. India has now a population good entrenched above one billion occupants, triping widespread recognition that it poses a important environmental menace in footings of domestic gas emanations. With a national route substructure web far flung from run intoing car traffic demand, congestion has created a dead cesspit of auto-emitted gases. On the political forepart, developing states such as India and China are non under duty to curtail gas emanations under international pacts such as the Kyoto Protocol [ 1 ] . Such non-requirement among developing states has become a delicate issue frequently at the head of diplomatic argument sing clime alteration. This is mostly due to the impugn felt by developed states such as the US and UK. Such states contribute emanation degrees ord ers of magnitude greater than those of their developing state opposite numbers on a per capita footing. However, it is argued that a deficiency of countenances imposed upon developing states represents a possible grave mistake in judgement given the leaning for aggregative emanations within full dullard, industrialising economic systems. Marketing enterprises represent another consequence precipitated from the rise in car gross revenues. Such runs have taken the head under the control of several car houses viing for portion in a comparative junior market. The instance for portion is so faced from a different angle by foreign houses both due to regulative limitations and the demand to equilibrate pricing with consumer buying power. The coming of inexpensive, fuel efficient vehicles is expected to function as a pillar within the car market given consumer demand. Possibly most of import among challenges faced by domestic and foreign car houses alike is that of accommodating theoretical accounts to Indian consumer life style to confirm trust and dependability among clients. The new-age Indian markets present both chances and challenges. Consumer behaviour represents one of the most important tendencies to supervise among car house direction so as to fulfill market demand and increase market portion. This is non to sabotage inventiveness and invention in production and selling. To the contrary, much is to be said based on foreign establishment success narratives – intra or inter-industry – for making demand out of unrealized vacuities within the consumer market. For illustration, such a scheme has been invoked by Ikea with its move into Russia – a developing state with similar capitalistic roots to those of India. In the automotive sector, Suzuki pioneered a joint venture with so Maruti Ltd – a authorities owned steadfast – to fit theoretical accounts to consumer tendencies and demand holes. Consumer behaviour with regard to car purchases within Indian car market is analyzed in footings of three primary factors: I ) a p arallel displacement in in-between income net incomes and comparative high deserving personal point ownership, two ) fiscal and cultural enablers of car purchases and three ) influence of foreign car house selling runs. Through an analysis of such factors, a theoretical account for Indian consumer car buying tendencies between domestic and foreign trade names is developed and presented. This theoretical account is of possible usage to domestic and foreign car house direction as it is multi-factorial based – an advantage in an inherently liquid consumer market. In peculiar, the theoretical account considers past gross revenues and client satisfaction figures as campaigners for roots and grounds for alteration in consumer inclinations off from ethnocentric trade names. 2. Background and Literature Review A displacement among Indian consumers towards buying foreign made vehicles has occurred with the constitution of several houses such as Toyota, GM, Ford and Hyundai. The double merchandise of a immense consumer base by volume and deregulating among the car market has led to a market place dotted now both by domestic and foreign shapers. As a consequence, consumers now possess a greater component of pick across the car sector. Auto houses are forced to plan and market merchandises in touch with the worlds of Indian consumer life style and fiscal budgets. For the domestic shapers, the state of affairs is simple: fend off foreign rivals both by keeping bing clients with tried merchandises while introducing to run into new-age concerns such as those centered on emanation degrees. For foreign shapers, the chance is slightly more complicated. In add-on to designing and selling consumer-demanded merchandises, medium and long term schemes must integrate macroeconomic factors such as involvem ent rate and currency fluctuations. Such factors are of peculiar importance within a developing economic system because they are frequently misrepresented through early development phases. The ability to attune operations – in peculiar production and supply concatenation direction – to predominating conditions of Indian economic system is hence of cardinal importance. The displacement in Indian consumer buying wonts off from domestic to foreign made vehicles can be attributed to several implicit in grounds. Three prevailing factors are discussed below, each of which envelops several undertones: I ) competitory distinction, two ) image and three ) concern moralss. It is of import here to measure up the intent of including the latter factor of concern moralss. Ethical motives are discussed non as a motive among consumers towards any one merchandise or company, but as a decreasing hurdle to be overcome by marketing sections. It is asserted that concern moralss in countries such as advertisement are frequently ignored by foreign car shapers given favourable supply/demand fortunes. Besides, population volume of the in-between category can falsify any rejection of concern pattern because these consumers make up the largest proportion of foreign car shaper clients. In today’s car sector, companies must endeavor to stand out amidst rivals in any given market. Over the past decennary, increases in rivals within old oligopoly markets – for illustration, the US and, more recent, Indian car sectors – and decelerating of demand growing has led to general overcapacity. Taking these two markets as illustrations, permeation of foreign car shapers such as those Japanese ( i.e. Toyota, Honda ) and Korean ( i.e. Hyundai, Kia ) has forced domestic pillars to reassess concern programs and merchandises marketed to altering consumer demographics and tendencies in this. Tay ( 2006 ) notes that within developed and flush markets, demand has leveled while consumer demand is yet to the full realized in developing markets such as India and China. The consequence of this excess of participants of lessenings in demand growing rates is double pronged. Namely, car shapers have been beset by overcapacity and a attendant premium on deriving consumer concern and trueness. Competitive distinction within crowded market places hence stands a critical challenge in turning market portion ( Tay 2006 ) . Tay ( 2006 ) asserts in a reappraisal of automotive companies and sectors worldwide that competitory distinction is a critical component in company image and fiscal wellness. It is of import to measure up the significance of competitory distinction. Tay ( 2006 ) offers a proficient definition, allowing organisational procedures in the spotlight. In peculiar, it refers to how an car manufacturer innovates and delivers its merchandises and services – compared with the competition – in three parametric quantities: quality, cost/value and seasonableness measures. ( Tay 2006 ) . From an organisational position, competitory distinction is therefore a fluid procedure whereby merchandises and procedures are in-touch with and anticipant of consumer demand. The consequence is a company-consumer relationship that transcends cold supply and demand economic sciences into something of a common apprehension and satisfaction. In this sense, competitory distinction can hence be thought of in a Darwinian model: companies apt to survive’ tough times are those able to accommodate to environing rough environmental conditions. All markets – developed or developing – nowadays challenges that must be faced and overcome by car shapers in order to turn market portion. In observing three beginnings of competitory distinction – quality, value and seasonableness – Tay ( 2006 ) asserts that each beginning will change in importance depending on the market. For illustration, it is asserted that within developed economic systems ( i.e. Europe or North America ) , accent is frequently placed upon quality niceties given copy cat and attendant impregnation of one time vanguard characteristics ( i.e. power guidance, clime control, ABS brake systems etc. ) ( Tay 2006 ) . By contrast, developing markets ( i.e. India ) still virgin to the unmasking of auto theoretical accounts and associated characteristics and tag lines may further value pricing ( Tay 2006 ) . Auto line R A ; D, production and gross revenues and selling channels must therefore attune to properties of the specific economic syste m in which operations are based. India’s car sector presents a regular balance between Tay’s outlined standards by which car houses may be benchmarked by consumers within a given economic system. On the one manus, quality exists as a critical component in car gross revenues because of natural benefits reaped by given consumers. Quality besides represents the suite of benchmarks by which a consumer weighs future purchases. Same shop gross revenues on a year-over-year footing are a critical step of success both in retail and fabrication industries, both of which are incorporated by car houses. On the other, value must be factored by car shapers via production ironss because of the distinction of the in-between category as a mark demographic. Value can besides be seen as holding common good consequences to company and consumer likewise. This statement is leveraged on the rule of cost nest eggs. From a consumer point of view, increased cost nest eggs can take to higher disposable income militias and a high er leaning for farther discretional disbursement ( i.e. a 2nd auto ) . From a company position, cost nest eggs provide a safety cyberspace in the case of overcapacity. One basis rule distilled from the Indian car sector is that the consumer is in the driver’s place. Indeed, the present car market in India remains in developing phases but has however endured exposure to foreign car houses since the mid 1990s [ 2 ] . The coming of synergistic selling runs with increasing consumer entree to new age communicating interfaces such as the cyberspace has endowed an information overplus non antecedently available to such a widespread audience. Tay ( 2006 ) asserts that online characteristics such as dedicated web sites with rental rate reckoners and merchandise scope galleries have in consequence rendered a true unfastened market place. The state of affairs as per the Indian car market is accentuated because of the high comparative consumer buying power para ( Tay 2006, acquire other from initial pages ) . Remember buying power para is determined by trade good pricing, in bend dependent upon all conducive elements associated with a given trade good. Such elements include labour and production capital and are much cheaper sourced within India than abroad. The significance of buying power para is that car shapers can non reimburse surplus costs through monetary value hikings. Alternatively, cost nest eggs must be generated through streamlined supply and production ironss ( Tay 2006 ) . The above discussed cost nest eggs statement provides an disposed segue into a treatment of Tay’s 3rd benchmark value: seasonableness. Tay ( 2006 ) discusses the importance for car houses to pitch production and gross revenues ironss to existent consumer demand. In peculiar, it is noted that processes such as constituent ordination and vehicle line production quota scenes be fluid so as to run into consumer demand as it arises ( i.e. merchandise design to market period of ~12 months ) ( Tay 2006 ) . From a market version point of view, such flexibleness permits companies to translate market tendencies into merchandises thirstily sought by buyers. ( Tay 2006 ) . In consequence, the quicker the response, the better opportunity of eating the demand to consumer satisfaction. Tay ( 2006 ) notes several houses that have achieved such a unstable production procedure ( i.e. Toyota, BMW, and Hyundai ) . Firms that have in the past suffered overcapacity due to falling gross revenues of peculiar theoretical accounts must redesign production and gross revenues ironss through audience with several on-site directors. The critical consequence is to derive a alleged intelligent platform ( Tay 2006 ) that stocks stock list in touch with consumer demand during periods of a given tendency. The image factor must besides be considered as contributive of a widespread consumer displacement towards the purchase of foreign made cars. However, it is first of import to clear up the context in which image is used. Here, image takes on a nonliteral, non actual significance. Image within the head of a consumer is hence based non purely upon vehicle physical visual aspect, but instead the position it commands as portion of a occidentalizing economic system. Aside from the car industry, many sectors in India have experienced foreign constitution. For illustration, fiscal services, telecommunications and consumer electronics are all representative of industries now comprised of domestic and foreign participants. In a holistic sense, the basket of goods and services from which to pull by consumers has been transformed from a local to planetary market. Tay ( 2006 ) reinforces this claim by reasoning global-enabling communicating engineerings have allowed consumers to first acknowledge and finally know apart between merchandises offered by sellers of different states of beginning. The consequence is a market scrimmage that can, over a period of old ages, influence consumer consciousness in merchandise buying. In the yesteryear, the determination was de facto because of the deficiency of free trade and being other protectionist steps such as duties and import responsibilities. Through the 1990s and into the 21stcentury, the determination has been reversed because of steps easing India’s embracing of globalisation. Foreign car houses have applied selling engineerings used in other markets in an attempt to suede consciousness to their merchandise – image selling. In big portion, Indian houses have yet to catch up. Demographics are one lending factor towards image selling. In the context of India, see the immature age market ( ages ~20-35 ) . This market consists of many on the job persons who are viewed as less tied to old traditions and cultural pattern than their parental coevals opposite numbers. Given a general gravity – or, at really least, consideration – towards western consumer merchandises in stead of monetary value favoritism, the consequence is a market geared towards foreign made vehicles. Physical particulars are good documented among foreign made cars. Vehicles such as the Chevrolet Aveo and Toyota Camry athletics characteristics that convey both nicety and practicality to Indian consumers. For illustration, the future Aveo U-VA theoretical account commands a short relation turning radius, designed to ease tight bends on narrow Indian roads ( Chevrolet India 2006 ) . However, branding of such theoretical accounts has been designed to integrate Indian civilization so that foreign merchandises are viewed as balanced between nuts and bolts and local modishness. Foreign car houses in India besides use the image factor as a collateral consequence. Lodging with the mark demographic of consumers aged 20-35, foreign houses recognize the potency for downstream ego advertisement. For illustration, persons who have purchased and become satisfied with a GM or Toyota vehicle are likely to go through on positive word of oral cavity feedback to equals. Given significant communicating volume – a critical mass, per se – a trade name may go the donee of widespread image acknowledgment and credence. The opportunity for such image credence is increased for trade names of foreign houses as compared to domestic opposite numbers because of their freshness. For illustration, see intercrossed engineering. Hybrid vehicles are really much a new and recent phenomenon within the Indian car market. Matching to this new age engineering is a acknowledgment among Indian consumer base of environmental disturbance that is exacerbated through car ingestion. T he potency for image credence among intercrossed theoretical accounts is hence bolstered by three separate phenomena. First, intercrossed vehicles are marketed by new market participants ( i.e. acquire steadfast here ) . Second, intercrossed exterior design is alone and provides the component of contrast – a potentially moneymaking quality in the context of consumer buying inclination. And 3rd, environmental nest eggs conferred through intercrossed as comparative to gasoline vehicle usage are viewed as admirable and may transport extra advantages such as revenue enhancement credits. three ) Ethical motives The issue of ethical concern pattern represents a farther conducive factor to consumer purchase behaviour. The issue of moralss in concern is slightly of an intangible construct. Indeed, moralss are by and big the merchandise of recognized traditions over many coevalss within a given civilization. The effects of political and economic intervention such as jurisprudence devising on moralss can hence be distorted because those who instigate such actions are replaced at frequent intervals. Thus what is taken as ethical under the protections of a Communist vs. democratic government varies based on value airings of either government. However, moralss can act upon consumers based on cultural heritage and personal values. Religious beliefs and moral values can rule consciousness and life style of certain persons in specific states. As such a consciousness is woven over a long comparative length of clip, sensitiveness towards perceived unethical concern activity may happen given a deficiency of regard among concerns. The state of affairs in India is pronounced, as many persons pattern Hinduism or outgrowths of it as portion of a balance between spiritual look and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Ethical criterions are implicitly recognized by all consumers. In the Indian market place, several patterns can be assessed for their ethical upholding. Biswas ( 1998 ) discusses several such countries, all of which revolve around gross coevals and increasing net income ratios. For illustration, advertisement is highlighted as an oft misleading pattern ( Biswas 1998 ) . Biswas ( 1998 ) concedes that by sound concern pattern and practicality, advertisement is an indispensable conduit towards determining consumer purchase. However, the nature of advertisement among several companies is criticized for its top-heavy accent on ingestion in the face of restraint. The issue of monetary value show – or deficiency thereof – is assessed as non-beneficial to consumers because it limits pick based on disposable income budgets ( Biswas 1998 ) . Besides, the inquiry of whether to include semi-graphic content such as partly clothed adult females in advertizements is raised ( Biswas 19 98 ) . Ramifications to the automotive sector are obvious given the male enticement of certain theoretical accounts. In peculiar, Sport Utility Vehicle ( SUV ) lines offered by American houses such as GM and Ford may affect advertisement that transcends cultural restrictions. In a reappraisal of concern moralss within the Indian market place, Biswas ( 1998 ) identifies certain characteristics engrained in both economic sciences and morality. Mention is made to important cultural transcripts and figures such as theVedic literaturesand Ghandi, severally ( Biswas 1998 ) . Ancient transcripts such as theVedic literaturesdo mention to the intrinsic harmoniousness between economic pattern and moralss. In every sense, continuing moralss is dependent on sound economic pattern. This relationship is said to be because moralss are the exclusive merchandise of single content. Individual content must hence be achieved through support – prosperity – which itself is a merchandise of sound economic pattern. Biswas ( 1998 ) calls on Shakespearean idiom to bolster this point of good moralss as dependant on one’s state of affairs – Virtue is made by circumstance. ( Biswas 1998 ) . Biswas ( 1998 ) surmises the relationship in matter-of-fact manner : True economic sciences in India neer militate against the highest ethical criterion, merely as all true moralss to be deserving its name must at the same clip be besides good economic sciences as it reveals in theVedic literatures. ( Biswas 1998 ) . The deduction taken from this averment is that economic pattern and moralss saving are per se intertwined. One ground for a possible ethical ignorance among Indian consumers involves population size ( Biswas 1998 ) . Biswas ( 1998 ) makes mention to India’s big population insofar as the consequence of disintegration is concerned. The statement here is that while foreign transnational houses may disavow ethical pattern – for illustration, through selling or monetary value puting negative reaction among consumer base may be washed out by indifference among aquiline purchasers. In this sense, foreign ( or domestic ) car sellers may derive impunity to unethical pattern based on positive gross revenues. The critical point to be recognized is that although moralss may hold been imbued by past Indian commercial entities, the clime within that epoch was one of isolation. At present, India has opened its doors to foreign multinationals and therefore the influence of competition. In the context of this thesis sing India’s car sector, the grade to which moralss will impact consumer purchase behaviour is a affair of speculation. Onus is placed upon foreign houses both in footings of acknowledging and honouring Indian traditions in melding merchandises into Indian market place. However, it is asserted that moralss continue to linger in background raid amidst a market place dotted with houses in ferocious competition over procuring clients at all costs. The Indian car market consists of several participants. The present auto shapers runing within the local environment may be separated based on several position as domestic or foreign. Domestic houses include Hindustan motors, TATA, Mahindra, Maruti Udyog Ltd. and Premier Automobiles. Foreign houses include American-headquartered participants such as General Motors ( GM ) and Ford Motor Co. , every bit good as Asiatic opposite numbers such as Toyota Motor Corp. , Honda, Hyundai and Daewoo ( a Korean subordinate of GM ) . Foreign constitution within India’s domestic car industry is mostly a merchandise of authorities liberalisation associated with ownership Torahs ( Rathore and Swarup 2006-B ) . Rathore and Swarup ( 2006-B ) note that get downing in the early 1990s, partial ownership bets could be held by foreign houses in undertakings run by domestic houses. However, as the Indian economic system continued to turn through technological progresss and increasing instruction among young person ( i.e. under age 20 ) demographic, foreign involvement increased within car sector. The consequence has been a progressive liberalisation in policy devising towards allowing foreign competition within the car industry. Trade parametric quantities have underlined this policy displacement. For illustration, strike responsibilities – revenue enhancement paid by consumer on specific merchandises – levied on little vehicle [ 3 ] purchases within India are reported by Rathore and Swarup ( 2006-B ) to be reduced to 16 % from current rate of 24 % . It is helpful to supply comparing of scheme and investing between domestic and foreign car shapers in analysing altering consumer penchants. Constitution, initial production and selling operations and client service all constitute critical countries of development in footings of cementing and turning market portion. Such countries are approached and executed in different manner by domestic and foreign houses mostly based on past success within a given market – frequently that of a place state. Thus scheme invoked by American car shapers such as GM or Ford involves following traditional US theoretical accounts to Indian consumer life style within a turning economic system. Traveling off from a stylistic position, some differences ( i.e. production related ) may be the consequence of statute law prefering certain car theoretical accounts ( i.e. revenue enhancement inducements related to increased intercrossed vehicle production ) . Regardless of the drift – consumer life style, legal-based, environmental etc. – all houses must accomplish a balance between local imposts and civilization and marketed merchandises. Discussed below is a series of car house overviews designed to exemplify differences in marketing scheme ( discussed inSelling Scheme) . In peculiar, two houses are discussed harmonizing to headquarter part: General Motors ( US ) , Toyota ( Japan ) . In the instance of the GM and Toyota, old international enlargement is discussed as per constitution in India and consumer entreaty of several theoretical accounts. General Motors I ) Overview GM stands at present as the planetary leader in automotives by production volume ( Rathore and Swarup 2006-B, see Hoovers link to General Motors ) . The GM narrative is mostly one of a tail of two epochs. Through US industrialisation during the 1960s, 70s, 80s and 90s domestic US car giants – GM and Ford – controlled a bulk of market portion. However, the oncoming of several factors such as high fuel monetary values, skyrocketing wellness and pension costs and automobile-based environmental disturbance have parlayed foreign constitution within the US market into an scoured portion for GM and Ford. The consequence is a sector now parsed between foreign and US cars, with market portion go oning to widen in favour of the foreign participants. Such domestic market portion eroding coupled with the purpose to capitalise a mostly developing consumer market within Asia ( i.e. first clip auto purchasers ) has led GM to put such international markets. Recent one-year fiscal consequences underscore GMs loss in US domestic market portion and attendant move into international markets. Financial informations can be distilled down to a gaping failing that has become manifest with superior competition within the US domestic market: bequest costs under-compensated by gross. For the financial twelvemonth 2005, net gross revenues and gross totaled approximately US $ 192.6 billion ( GM Annual Report 2005, Financial Highlights ) . Such gross stood on the dorsum of a planetary production end product of over 9 billion vehicle units, an addition of ~10 % relation to 2003 planetary production of 8.2 billion units ( GM Annual Report 2005, Financial Highlights ) . However, net net incomes amounted to an overall one-year loss of about US $ 10.6 billion. This net incomes figure translates into a loss of approximately $ 18.50 per portion ( GM Annual Report 2005, Financial Highlights ) . The loss is magnified in badness when compared to the 2004 fisca l twelvemonth consequences, in which net incomes per portion were US $ 4.94 – a net income border of 1.4 % . Put from a stockholders position, net incomes were depleted by over four times over the class of one twelvemonth from the black to red. The hapless GM cost construction and depletion in operating hard currency flow can be attributed to a high comparative budget for employee pension and health-related costs. The consequence is equivalent to retaining a lead ball while trying to travel frontward. From a statistical analysis, GM incurred US $ 5.3 billion in wellness attention duties over financial 2005, or approximately US $ 600 per vehicle sold. In his Letter to Stockholders – published as portion of the 2005 GM Annual Report – CEO Rick Wagoner placed an accent on cut downing such costs through assorted streamlining steps ( GM Annual Report 2005, Letter to Stockholders ) . These include US works closings and associated employee layoffs, renegotiated active and retiree benefit programs and direct and indirect investing in foreign markets. two ) International Presence This figure of planetary production laterality is mostly the merchandise of its many trade names based both in the US and abroad. These trade names include Chevrolet, Buick, Pontiac, GMC, Saturn, Hummer and Cadillac in the US. GM controlled international subordinates include Saab ( Sweden ) , Opel ( Germany ) and Daewoo ( Korean ) . In footings of branding in foreign markets, GM has fabrication operations in 32 states, while GM vehicles are imported by 190 states. For illustration, within Asia and the Middle East GM operates in China, India, Thailand, Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) ( GM Worldwide 2006 ) . Within Africa, GM operates in Egypt and South Africa. To exemplify the usage of subordinates, GM operates under the protections of Chevrolet, Opel and Saab in South Africa. From 2004, GM South Africa has besides acted as a distributer for Saab vehicles in South Africa ( note that the two companies facilitate joint client service operations ) . Non-US gross revenues have over the past decennary increased to represent approximately half of GMs entire planetary gross revenues. The 2005 GM Annual Report quantifies such gross revenues figures. For illustration, of the 9 million planetary gross revenues units GM tallied over financial 2005, merely over half were from outside of the US ( GM Letter to Stockholders 2005 ) . It is besides noted that greater than 1 million gross revenues were recorded throughout the Asia/Pacific part ( GM Letter to Stockholders 2005 ) . Gross saless volume was reported up 20 % year-over-year within South America, Africa and the Middle East ( GM Annual Report 2005, Letter to Stockholders ) . GM executives attribute such gross revenues growing to strength of internationally recognized and truste

Personal and Managerial Effectiveness Assignment - 1

Personal and Managerial Effectiveness - Assignment Example embraces responsibility for action’s of a firm and encourages through its overall activities a positive impact on consumers, stakeholders, environment, employees, and various other members who belong to public sphere. In 1960s the term corporate social responsibility gained its importance and was used by many firms to cover moral and legal responsibilities. Proponents often argue that corporate social responsibility activities facilitate long term profits for a firm while some critics often state that CSR distracts a firm from its economic role. It can be stated that CSR is a management concept that enables firm to integrate environmental and social concerns. This is a procedure through which a firm strikes balance between social, economic and environmental imperatives. The CSR policy is a mechanism through which shareholder’s expectations are successfully met and even stakeholders are satisfied. Tesco Plc is a retailer of general merchandise and multinational grocery t hat has its headquarters in United Kingdom. Through its effective strategies Tesco has been able to create a unique position in the market. It is the market leader in terms of selling grocery in UK. The company has its stores spread across 12 countries. Corporate Social Responsibility forms an integral part of the business operations of Tesco. It donates a desirable percentage of its profit margins towards local community or charitable organizations. The company not only considers societal benefits but also implements strategies that safeguard the environment. It has always given importance to CSR activities much beyond the business interests. According to Freeman and Velamuri (2006), Corporate Social Responsibility possesses permeated management theory and practice and can be considered to be the latest management fad. There has been an uneven integration of CSR into business process. Most firms consider CSR policy to be a tool that reduces operational costs and risk. There is only certain

Emiratization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 20000 words

Emiratization - Essay Example The research used a literature review and a primary research involving interviews of fifteen managerial respondents from across different sectors of UAE. The findings showed that there was a need for the government to change both policy and structural framework to provide better direction and support to organisations towards getting Emiratisation on the road to success. At the policy level, the government needed to amend the aims of Emiratisation, in addition to quotas it should use measures like ‘number of trainings provided to Emiratis’. There is also a need to modify the curriculum at the higher educational level to better match the organizational needs to create public awareness and affect a change in the mindset of the Emiratis to make them more amenable to accepting different levels of jobs in diverse sectors. The government may also subsidize private sector salaries to make jobs attractive to Emiratis while at the same time reduce the burden on the organisations. At the structural level, it is recommended to make Tanmia more focused and powerful and to encourage Abu Dhabi Emiratisation Council or ADEC to play a more active role by helping organisations develop their internal targets and plans for Emiratisation, and by streamlining the educational institutes with the market needs. The organisations are recommended to initiate a culture change so that the top level and the HR managers as well as other employees are ready and prepared to take in local Emiratis as equals with equivalent skills and competence. The organisations also need to place measures for accountability of managers towards Emiratisation targets and to share their experiences openly with ADEC and other organisations. The research concludes by highlighting scope of future research to explore the means and ways of making these recommendations a reality as well as for assessing the true potential and impact of these recommendations. The current research is

The Gothic Mode as Subversive Essay Example for Free

The Gothic Mode as Subversive Essay Why is Gothic literature considered subversive? First we consider the definition of subversive. Anything that works against the dominant culture is called subversive. Gothic literature focuses on death and decay, which is a negative attitude. The majority of Gothic writers are not motivated by any high ideals. Instead they are intent on making money, and so aim for cheap thrills. A good example is the â€Å"penny-dreadfuls† of the Victorian era, which were cheap serializations of bloodthirsty tales carrying titles like ‘Varney the Vampire’. The Gothic mode is not necessarily subversive. If it can be shown that the Gothic mode is expressive of culture, and therefore does not work against it, we may conclude that it is not necessarily subversive. It may be argued that Gothic is a subgenre of Romanticism, which is acknowledged to be a cultural phenomenon. There are possible exceptions, and authors may always take advantage of a popular medium, and will strive to pander to basic instincts. But the strategy is to show that there is an underlying social need that Gothic literature addresses to, and therefore it cannot be called antisocial. What it Romantic literature, and how do the Romanticists evaluate Gothic? Romantic literature is professed to be that which emphasizes imagination over reason. William Wordsworth is a leading light of Romanticism, and the Preface which he wrote for the second edition of his Lyrical Ballads is seen by many to be the manifesto of the movement. In the same Preface Wordsworth reacted violently against the Gothic genre, averring that â€Å"the human mind is capable of excitement without the application of gross and violent stimulants; and he must have a very faint perception of its beauty and dignity who does not further know that one being is elevated above another in proportion as he possesses this capability† (2004, p. 6). Wordsworth conceives Romanticism as an philosophical ideal. According to this ideal Romantic literature is meant to ennoble human passion and feeling. Gothic literature does not seem to measure up to this ideal, and so it is rejected by the Romanticists. Why the Romanticists are wrong in their assessment of Gothic literature, in the context of Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto? The Romanticists fail to acknowledge that their philosophy is rational, and therefore they are advocating a merger of reason and imagination, and they are not merely surrendering themselves to imagination alone. Analysing the substance of Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto, we also find a marriage between the imaginary and the factual. The novel is of imaginative content, and yet it is eager to establish itself as factual. To this end Walpole interposes himself as mere translator of an ancient manuscript that has newly been discovered. The long title and the extended Preface go to great lengths to establish this pretence. The substantive part of the novel is also engaged merely in keeping up this pretence, and therefore to keep the original mood intact. There is a succession of mysterious occurrences, laced with energizing diction, which creates an aura of continuous suspense and action, without any effort towards a coherent and unified story. The setting of the story is all important, and it is meant to be evocative of a mysterious past. The pretence towards factuality is merely meant to be a trigger to the imagination. Thus, the factual leads to the imaginative, and the imaginative to the factual. In this way the two aspects are merged. This is why Walpole’s novel should be classed as Romantic. Gothic literature as protest. Romanticism was a protest against the ethos of the Enlightenment. The latter was a 18th century phenomenon that emphasized reason above all else, and looked back to ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration. The Romanticists felt that too much stress on reason suppresses the imagination. If Gothic be classed as Romanticism we should be able to identify in it the same protest. Indeed, the earlier manifestation of Gothic in the context of architecture was indeed a protest of the same sort. The â€Å"Gothic revival† was a phenomenon that originating in Germany, and was a protest against the humanist tendencies of the Italian renaissance. It meant to re-establish the medieval values of religion and community against the atheist and cosmopolitan tendencies of Italy. It was mainly expressed through the architecture of churches, abbeys and cathedrals. Its ornateness was deliberately pitched against the homogenizing tendency in classical art. Its elongated spires and arches were deliberately pointed towards heaven, emphasizing the otherworldly, which was a protest against the humanist ethos which wants to flatten all things to the earth. Gothic architecture is indeed a precursor to the Romanticism of the 18th century, which was also a reaction against neoclassicism and the humanist ethos. Margaret Drabble suggests that the ‘Gothic’ in the title merely means medieval, so that â€Å"Gothic tale† merely means â€Å"medieval tale† (1995, p. 412). This may be true, but the term carries far more significance. It originally referred to the architectural style, which originates from Germany, the land of the Goths. The eponymous Castle of Otranto is a Gothic building. Following Walpole’s cue the genre itself came to be heavily dependent on such ‘Gothic’ settings. It may be argued that Gothic literature is not only characterized by setting. Indeed, we may detect in it the same philosophy which has animated the Gothic revivalism of Germany. In this way Gothic literature is a protest, and coincides with the protest of Romanticism. This will establish the Gothic mode of literature to be a subgenre of Romanticism, and therefore no longer subversive. Why the fascination with death? The Marquis de Sade offers a contemporary explanation of the Gothic fascination with death. In his Ideas on the Novel suggests that it was the shock of the French Revolution that caused literature to react in such an unusual way. He continues, â€Å"For one who knew all the miseries with which the wicked can afflict humanity the novel became as difficult to create as it was monotonous to read† (qtd. in Bruhm 1994, p. 161). In short, a new form of literature was required to take the place of the defunct optimistic strain of the Enlightenment. The chaos and terror unleashed by the Revolution represents a terrible shock to the general ethos of the age, and something that defied comprehension. The reflection of this in literature was the advent of the Gothic mode. The unsettled imagination refocused on death, instead of on light and life, as was characteristic of the Enlightenment. But against this it may be argued that in previous ages people has turned to the supernatural for comfort in periods of discontent. The supernatural is not a part of the the Gothic, which is more inclined towards the natural and the factual. It may also be argued against Sade that Gothic literature begins well before the storming of the Bastille. In this light, it is more reasonable to see the genre as an extension of Romanticism, and as constituting part of the same Romantic protest. From this point of view the French Revolution itself is a confirmation of the fears inherent in the Romantic protest. Gothic as a corrective to the ethos of the Enlightenment. Gothic should be properly seen as a protest against the cold calculation of extreme rationalism. The Enlightenment focused on light and life, and therefore tended to overlook death. It believed that with the light of reason all obstacles could be overcome. But the French Revolution functioned as a staggering reminder of death. Even before the revolution the subconscious sought to explain death, which clarifies the Gothic fascination. Karl Marx warns us that â€Å"the tradition of all the generations of the dead weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living† (1963, p. 1). To ignore death is a form of suppression. Therefore, Gothic taste for death is best explained as a corrective to the ethos of the Enlightenment. In the age of reason men were reluctant to turn to the supernatural. Instead the focus was on death in outlandish and displaced circumstances. Analysing the issue David Punter comes to the conclusion that â€Å"[w]ithin the Gothic we can find a very intense, if displaced, engagement with political and social problems† (1994, p. 56). The engagement, as we have seen, is through a focus of death, and the displacement takes place through setting the narrative in the medieval period, or in ‘Gothic’ setting which is evocative of a bygone age. How Gothic relates to Romanticism proper, and the question of being subversive revisited. The proper strain of Romanticism claims to work against the rationalist ethos. But it too fails to consider death, and prefers to dwell on the ‘higher’ ideals of feeling and imagination. The Gothic mode makes up for this lack in Romanticism, and therefore must be considered more Romantic, than a typical work of Blake or Wordsworth, for it is spontaneous in its composition, and is not burdened by a conscious philosophy. Gothic literature can be said to have sprung from the context of its age. It professes all the Romanticism does, but in an entirely natural way. If Romanticism is a protest against the strictures of rationalism and neoclassicism, then Gothic literature is too. In this context it is significant to note that the Gothic mode is still vigorously active to this day, while Romanticism is now studied as a historical phenomenon. This is testimony of the authenticity of the Gothic, as against the measured cadences penned by Wordsworth. The essential value of Gothic literature is attested to from many respectable quarters. Commenting on the genre, Edgar Allan Poe says that â€Å"terror is not of Germany, but of the soul† (qtd. in Asselineau 1970, p. 17). Assessing the works of Ann Radcliffe, arguably the greatest of the early Gothic writers, Donald Spector says that â€Å"she united terror and beauty† (1963, p. 6). These comments are indicative of the profundity and beauty contained in works that are otherwise merely sensationalist and lightweight on the surface. In Northanger Abbey Jane Austen provides a spoof of the genre which is at the same time an affirmation. The naive heroine, Catherine, who is addicted to Gothic fiction, and lives in her imagination, in thrown headlong into the world to learn the ropes. Henry Tilney is attracted to her because of her naivete, and enthuses about her literary taste: â€Å"The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be intolerably stupid† (Austen 2003, p. 77). Austen portrays Henry as a paragon of common sense, and so it is not unlikely that his opinion is that of the author. Catherine has an irresistible urge to believe in Gothic literature, so when she comes upon a real Gothic abbey she begins to imagine dark designs in every unusual detail. Austen demonstrates that even in parody the gothic mode is intrinsically exciting, and to deny such pleasure is a mark of literary snobbishness. She intends to explain rather than condemn. The continuing relevance of the Gothic mode. The inference is that the Gothic genre tries to make sense of death when the rational core of society is in denial. Rationalism is by nature retrospective, and Emerson explains, â€Å"Our age is retrospective. It builds the sepulchres of the fathers. It writes biographies, histories, and criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes† (2003, p. 181). Out failure to apprehend nature directly leads to alienation, which Gothic literature means to address. In its original context the Gothic was a protest against the cold calculation of extreme rationalism, and the same argument may be provided to explain its continuing appeal in modern mechanized society. Rationalism argues selectively from the past, but carefully ignores death. This is a form of suppression. Gothic literature is deemed to be subversive because of a seemingly unhealthy appetite for death. But when seen in the context of overcoming suppression and alienation, we must conclude that it is a mistake to classify Gothic literature as necessarily subversive. References ASSELINEAU, R. , 1970. Edgar Allan Poe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. AUSTEN, J. , 2003. Northanger Abbey, Lady Susan, The Watsons, Sandition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BRUHM, S. , 1994. Gothic Bodies: The Politics of Pain in Romantic Fiction. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. DRABBLE, M. , 1995. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. EMERSON, R. W. , 2003. Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Eds. W. H. Gilman, C. Johnson. New York: Signet Classic. MARX, K. , 1963. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, With Explanatory Notes. New York: International Publishers. PUNTER, D. , 1996. The Literature of Terror: A History of Gothic Fictions. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Longman. SPECTOR, D. , (Ed. ) 1963. Seven Masterpieces of Gothic Horror. New York: Bantam. WALPOLE, H. ; BECKFORD, W. ; SHELLEY, M. W. , 1968. Three Gothic Novels: The Castle of Otranto; Vathek; Frankenstein. Eds. P. Fairclough, Mario Praz. New York: Penguin Classics. WORDSWORTH, W. , 2004. Lyrical Ballads with Other Poems 1800. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing.

Essay --

My Faith Experience Justified Have you ever been in a situation where you found yourself questioning you own believe? The world we live in today is very dynamic and most of us, if not all of us have had to do certain things that were personally were against our will thus we somehow compromised our own faith. We all believe in something. Don’t we? The important thing to not about faith is that it is indirectly our world view. What we believe is maps how we view the world view and how we survive our daily lives. My Christian walk of faith has not been easy but through God’s guidance & mercy I am able to give this testimony. The doctrine of justification by faith is an interesting bubble in Christian theology that has affect our understanding of God and his parameters. Having been raised up in an Adventist home â€Å"a blessing in disguise â€Å"I was dedicated to the lord by a pastor in one Adventist church. I personally believe this was the start of my Christian journey. Despite being a few weeks old and not knowing what was happening, this ceremony was the inception of a new way of life. The world somehow believes that we are born with guilt and a predetermined penalty of sin which is true. (Psalm 51:5) Firstly, why would people want to declare themselves righteous sinners if Christ came as the sacrificial atonement? Martin Luther is one 16th century reformer who questioned his faith at a critical time while he was in an Augustinian monastery. After much studying and contemplation he came out in the open to critique the authority of the church (The Catholic Church). When I analyze Luther’s stance, I picture it in my life as those small reforms that I engaged in that have actually led to me being a better person. These may have had to do wi... ... special clique of Protestant churches except the old and single affirmation of Luther. The seventh day Adventists for example have been able to recognize and adopt that despite being protestant they exist because they are waiting for a second coming; the Advent and that has become the basis of the mission. To sum up, Augustine’s view on actual sin by grace is crucial for the existence of mankind. Man ought to live in grace that yields its intended effect without fail and not opposing human freewill. John Calvin concurs as he says that â€Å"perfect freedom is when a person follows the will of God† (History through the eyes of Faith p.133). In closing Augustine view on actual sin by grace is vital in the lives of mankind. It has even helped reformers of the Ages like M. Luther make substantial changes to the Christian church and it undoubtedly can help you and me today.

Lab #3 Report. Isolation of bacteria from environment

LAB Report #3 Introduction: In this lab we have focus on Isolation of bacteria from environment. Microorganisms are found throughout the environment: in the air and water; on the surface of any object such as clothes, walls, furniture; in soil and dust; and on and in our own bodies (skin and mucous membranes). In order to demonstrate the ubiquity and diversity of microbes in the environment, samples from immediate areas of the environment and/or from your body will be obtained and cultured. Materials: 4 sterile cotton swab, sterile water in test tube, 4 agar plates and 2 blood agar plates, wax pencil and labels.Procedure: Appropriately label the cover of each plate as indicated in lab. 1. Determine 2 sampling sources, one from your body and one from the surrounding environment. 2. For the first agar plate, for sampling from air, remove the lids from the plate and allow it to sit uncovered for 15 minutes. 1. For second agar plate, open the â€Å"stick† end of the sterile cotton swabs to avoid contamination of the swab. Deep the swab in to the sterile water and collect a dust form the corner of the table by swab and rub the swab over the entire surface of the Petri dish without going back over areas you have already swabbed. . For the third agar plate, divide the plate in two different parts like washed and unwashed finger tip and swipe on each side of plate, see the difference between them. 4. For the forth agar plate, divide it into the four equal part and tested four different place for bacterial grow. In first part, remove the sterile cotton swab from the package and immerse it in the sterile water and take the bacteria from forearm and swipe the swab on first part.For second part, again take the sterile cotton swab and immerse it in sterile water, and take the bacteria from back of ear and rub on the second part. For third part, again take the sterile cotton swab and immerse it in sterile water, and take the bacteria from handle of microscope and swip e on the third part. For last part, again take the sterile cotton swab and deep in to the sterile water, and take the bacteria from toilet sit and swipe on the forth part. 5. For the fifth slide, we take blood agar plate and drawing line in central part of the plate.For one part used for kiss on that part and second part used for licked on that part for bacteria grow. 6. For last, we take another blood agar plate and we had to cough on this agar plate. Leave all agar plates in the incubator for 1 week to grow bacteria. Discussion: After one week, I was able to observe my Petri plates, which were filled with bacteria. The first plate had few yellow color colonies. That shows bacterial growth. Air was contaminant. For second plate, it had huge yellowish and few brownish color colonies and clear halos around them.Dust also had bactria. For third plate, on unwashed part had more yellowish color tiny spots and on washed part had few whitish color tiny spot. Washed had few bacteria that m ay be from the water while unwashed hand had more bacterial contamination. For forth agar plate, first part had more yellowish color spots, second part had more brownish color spot, third part had no bacterial colonies and forth part had only three yellowish color colonies. That show microscope handle is not bacterial contaminant while all other object is contaminant with bacteria.For the first blood agar plate, for the side that was kissed had huge brownish color spot and there were clear halos around it, and on other side that was licked had brownish color line. Bacteria also present in both sample. For the second blood agar plate, there is no discoloration in the plate so I think there have not bacterial growth in the Petri dish. Conclusion: In this lab we have focus on mainly â€Å" Isolation of bacteria from environment â€Å" and to observe the growth of bacteria in favorable condition and observation of the color and shape of the bacterial colony.Bacteria are found in a wid e variety of environments—in or on animals and plants, in water, in soil, in air, or on rock. Generally, they are contributors to the environment, decaying nutrients and recycling the minerals (for use by plants and other organisms). Bacteria are both metabolically diverse as well as structurally diverse. As I have learned we carry bacteria when we are in perfect health as well when we are sick. From this lab we have learned that bacteria are present everywhere but we can achieve healthy life by hygiene.

Reaction to Hills Like White Elephants

Throughout this school year, we analyzed and discussed several awesome poems, novels and stories. One that I particularly liked would have to be â€Å"Hill Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway. The first thing about it that caught my attention would have to be its title, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants'. To be honest, I really thought that it'll be about some elephants in Africa or something but I was wrong. There were no elephants! The story is about an American man and woman having some beers as they wait for the train to Barcelona. So, just through the title, I guess you could say that this is an ambiguous text. To decipher it, you need to read it again and again! The text of Hemingway appears to be simple but then again his works are ambiguous, so his text may be further from the truth. The story makes use of sparse dialogue some even say that the way Hemingway's characters speak is sometimes more important than what they say so when reading his text you really have to take in the dialogue and decode it. At first, when I just went through the story, I really didn't get what the couple were talking about and then after several readings I found out that it was about abortion. It's really beautiful how Hemingway could subtly bring about a message without even having it written directly. The powerful writing of Hemingway definitely has made a huge impact in me. Aside from me discovering a beautiful story, I learned not to take everything too literally and to have patience in order to understand.

Margaret Hilda Roberts

I was born, was born Margaret Hilda Roberts on Oct. 13, 1925, in Lincolnshire, England. I went to Oxford and majored in chemistry. After graduating, in 1947, my first job was as a research chemist for a plastics company in Essex. Afterwards, I started to study law and became involved in the legal practice. I first ran for public office in 1950, and at the age of 24 I was the youngest women candidate. I lost that election for a seat in the Labour Party. In 1951, I married Dennis Thatcher and in 1953 I had twins, Carol and Mark. They didnt slow me down much. I ran two more times until I finally received a seat in the House of Commons, in 1959. Then I finally received my big break. I ran for the party leader, they only gave me a 50 to 1 change of winning, but I did. At the age of 49 I became the first woman to lead on of Britain's major political parties. In Britain, if the political party that is in power is not ruling properly then new elections are held to vote for t!he party that should be in power, so then I was infact a candidate for Prime Minister. The Conservative Party (her party) was by 43 seats (votes from the House of Commons). I became the first female Prime Minister in the history of Britain May 4, 1979.

Free Essays on Review Of Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass

. At this point in his lesson Mr. Auld encountered what his wife was doing for Frederick and forbid her to continue. He believed that "if you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell" and continuing with "learning would spoil the best nigger in the world". The masters felt that an ignorant slave formed a choice slave and any beneficial learning would damage the slave and therefore be futile to his master. His next step on the road to success was during his seven years living with Master Hugh’s family. Frederick would make friends with as many white boys as he possibly could on the street. His new friends would be transformed into teachers. When he could, Frederick carried bread on him as a means of trade to the famished kids for knowledge. He would also carry a book anytime he had an errand to run. The errand would be completed quickly, allowing extra study time. When Frederick was working in Durgin and Bailey’s ship-yard he would notice timber marked with various letters... Free Essays on Review Of Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Free Essays on Review Of Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Review of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, near Hillsborough. He doesn’t know for sure of his age, he has seen no proof and his master will not inform him. Most masters prefer for their slaves to stay ignorant. He believes that he was around twenty-seven and twenty-eight when he began writing his narrative - he overheard his master say he was about seventeen years of age during 1835. His mother, Harriet Bailey, was separated from him when he was an infant and she died when he was seven years old. Frederick’s father was a white man who could have been his master but he never found out. Education was of utmost importance in his life. He received his first lesson while living with Mr. and Mrs. Auld. Sophia Auld, Frederick’s "mistress", was very humane to him and spent time teaching him the A, B, C’s. After he mastered this, she assisted him in spelling three and four letter words. At this point in his lesson Mr. Auld encountered what his wife was doing for Frederick and forbid her to continue. He believed that "if you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell" and continuing with "learning would spoil the best nigger in the world". The masters felt that an ignorant slave formed a choice slave and any beneficial learning would damage the slave and therefore be futile to his master. His next step on the road to success was during his seven years living with Master Hugh’s family. Frederick would make friends with as many white boys as he possibly could on the street. His new friends would be transformed into teachers. When he could, Frederick carried bread on him as a means of trade to the famished kids for knowledge. He would also carry a book anytime he had an errand to run. The errand would be completed quickly, allowing extra study time. When Frederick was working in Durgin and Bailey’s ship-yard he would notice timber marked with various letters...