What Is Grammar

Hear the word  glamour  and what comes to mind? Celebrities, most likely—limousines and red carpets, swarms of paparazzi and more money than sense. But, odd as it may sound,  glamour  comes directly from a decidedly less glamorous word—grammar. During the Middle Ages,  grammar  was often used to describe learning in general, including the magical, occult practices popularly associated with the scholars of the day. People in Scotland pronounced  grammar  as glam-our, and extended the association to mean magical beauty or enchantment. In the 19th century, the two versions of the word went their separate ways, so that our study of English grammar today may not be  quite  as glamorous as it used to be. But the question remains: what  is  grammar? Descriptive Grammar and Prescriptive Grammar There are two common definitions of grammar: The systematic study and description of a language.A set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that language. Descriptive grammar (definition #1) refers to the structure of a language as its actually used by speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar (definition #2) refers to the structure of a language as certain people think it should be used. Both kinds of grammar are concerned with rules—but in different ways. Specialists in descriptive grammar (called linguists) study the rules or patterns that underlie our use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. On the other hand, prescriptive grammarians (such as most editors and teachers) lay out rules about what they believe to be the â€Å"correct† or â€Å"incorrect† use of language. (See What Is a SNOOT?) Interfacing With Grammar To illustrate these different approaches, lets consider the word interface. The descriptive grammarian would note, among other things, that the word is made up of a common prefix (inter-) and a root word (face) and that it’s currently used as both a noun and a verb. The prescriptive grammarian, however, would be more interested in deciding whether or not it is â€Å"correct† to use interface as a verb. Heres how the prescriptive Usage Panel at The American Heritage Dictionary passes judgment on interface: The Usage Panel has been unable to muster much enthusiasm for the verb. Thirty-seven percent of Panelists accept it when it designates the interaction between people in the sentence The managing editor must interface with a variety of freelance editors and proofreaders. But the percentage drops to 22 when the interaction is between a corporation and the public or between various communities in a city. Many Panelists complain that interface is pretentious and jargony. Similarly, Bryan A. Garner, author of The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style, dismisses interface as jargonmongers talk. By their nature, all popular style and usage guides are prescriptive, though to varying degrees: some are fairly tolerant of deviations from standard English; others can be downright cranky. The most irascible critics are sometimes called the Grammar Police. Though certainly different in their approaches to language, both kinds of grammar--descriptive and prescriptive—are useful to students. The Value of Studying Grammar The study of grammar all by itself wont necessarily make you a better writer. But by gaining a clearer understanding of how our language works, you should also gain greater control over the way you shape words into sentences and sentences into paragraphs. In short, studying grammar may help you become a more effective writer. Descriptive grammarians generally advise us not to be overly concerned with matters of correctness: language, they say, isnt good or bad; it simply is. As the history of the glamorous word grammar demonstrates, the English language is a living system of communication, a continually evolving affair. Within a generation or two, words and phrases come into fashion and fall out again. Over centuries, word endings and entire sentence structures can change or disappear. Prescriptive grammarians prefer giving practical advice about using language: straightforward rules to help us avoid making errors. The rules may be over-simplified at times, but they are meant to keep us out of trouble—the kind of trouble that may distract or even confuse our readers. Quotes About Grammar ​Grammar  is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves. The more we are aware of how it works, the more we can monitor the meaning and effectiveness of the way we and others use language. It can help foster precision, detect ambiguity, and exploit the richness of expression available in English. And it can help everyone—not only teachers of English, but teachers of anything, for all teaching is ultimately a matter of getting to grips with meaning.  (David Crystal, In Word and Deed. TES Teacher, April 30, 2004) It is necessary to know grammar, and it is better to write grammatically than not, but it is well to remember that grammar is common  speech  formulated.  Usage  is the only test.  (William Somerset Maugham,  The Summing Up, 1938)

Evangelista Torricelli and the History of the Barometer

Barometer - Pronunciation: [b u rom ´ u t u r] - a barometer is an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. Two common types are the aneroid barometer and the mercurial barometer (invented first). Evangelista Torricelli invented the first barometer, known as the Torricellis tube. Biography - Evangelista Torricelli Evangelista Torricelli was born October 15, 1608, in Faenza, Italy and died October 22, 1647, in Florence, Italy. He was a physicist and mathematician. In 1641, Evangelista Torricelli moved to Florence to assist the astronomer Galileo. The Barometer It was Galileo that suggested Evangelista Torricelli use mercury in his vacuum experiments. Torricelli filled a four-foot long glass tube with mercury and inverted the tube into a dish. Some of the mercury did not escape from the tube and Torricelli observed the vacuum that was created. Evangelista Torricelli became the first scientist to create a sustained vacuum and to discover the principle of a barometer. Torricelli realized that the variation of the height of the mercury from day to day was caused by changes in the atmospheric pressure. Torricelli built the first mercury barometer around 1644. Evangelista Torricelli - Other Research Evangelista Torricelli also wrote on the quadrature of the cycloid and conics, the rectifications of the logarithmic spiral, the theory of the barometer, the value of gravity found by observing the motion of two weights connected by a string passing over a fixed pulley, the theory of projectiles and the motion of fluids. Lucien Vidie - Aneroid Barometer In 1843, the French scientist Lucien Vidie invented the aneroid barometer. An aneroid barometer registers the change in the shape of an evacuated metal cell to measure variations in the atmospheric pressure. Aneriod means fluidless, no liquids are used, the metal cell is usually made of phosphor bronze or beryllium copper.​ Related Instruments An altimeter is an aneroid barometer that measures altitude. Meteorologists use an altimeter that measures the altitude with respect to sea level pressure. A barograph is an aneroid barometer that gives a continuous reading of atmospheric pressures on graph paper.

Nietzsche Exposing the Christianity Hoax Essay - 1144 Words

Nietzsche: Exposing the Christianity Hoax For thousands of years the Bible has represented the foundation for one of the largest religions in existence, Christianity. â€Å"The Book† affects millions of people’s lives. The creation of morals makes the biggest impacts on individuals and society. Morals are hinted at throughout â€Å"The Book†, but are clearly stated in Matthew’s gospel. These morals are written in a series called the Beatitudes. Through morals, laws are created and society is given guidelines, most people see this in a positive manner. Friederich Nietzsche, a philosopher from the late 1800’s, views religion as a cult made for weak minded simpletons who need something to carry them through life. Nietzsche is often viewed as†¦show more content†¦Even if they were weak before gaining the earth would change them from a weak person to one with power. In the minds of most people the strongest and smartest always become leaders and through these leaders the world is run. T he meek and poor look at the powerful with jealous eyes, hating what they stand for but at the same time wanting to be them. They think that they would act differently if they were rich and powerful, which is not the case when thought about. If you give a poor man lots of money he is not going to act like a poor beggar. His â€Å"noble† instincts would take over and his guilt would fade away. This guilt was created by Christians to keep people from fully using their power. Why would God not want us to be powerful? The Christian fear of power is if someone gains power he will also gain the understanding of his power and use it on others. This is best said in a sermon by Rev. Charles Irvin who writes, â€Å" Life, for Nietzsche, is for the strong, the dominant, the ruthless; it is for those who understand power and its uses. Abundance, wealth and the ability to control and manipulate others come only to the fittest of our species. All the rest of us resort to religion, to Christ, along with all of the weaklings who need Him. For Nietzsche, self-justification is the only justification worth anything at all. The only fulfillment, which is at all fulfilling is

Strategic Human Resource Practices

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Human Resource Practices. Answer Introduction Shifting demography and improvement in living standards has created an upsurge in the food channel businesses. The growing market trends have led to opening of new restaurants in a very short time period. The case study is related to the challenges which are faced while entering into the restaurant operations. It takes lot of exercise before jumping into any business. Here Ms. Vivienne is planning to open a new restaurant serving exquisite Chinese dishes, sea food, and Hong Kong delicacies with an amicable environment. Their vision is to run a restaurant keeping in mind the tastes and preferences of every generation. Opening a new venture requires lot focus on every phase from place, to finance, to legal formalities lastly recruiting the best people. The people of the organization are its biggest asset as they are the reason behind its successes or failure. It is necessary to make the recruitment process more stringent to employ the best people. A restaurant is known by the quality of food available in it. So, there is a necessity to focus on the recruitment choices before filling the job places. There is a requirement to focus on the HR planning to fill the places with the desired choices. Strategic human resource recruitment should be the prime focus for overall growth of the organization (Armstrong, 2006). Most of the scholars realize the importance of best human resource practice accelerate the growth in the organization. Ms. Vivienne need to focus on recruiting the chefs who has ample of experience in Chinese cuisine. Moreover a best practice involves recruitment of the staff which has capacity to promote the interest of the organization basically those who work in good faith. It is essential to develop a road map before rec ruiting the employees in the organization. The importance related to the cost of the employees should be given priority while making the employments plans. The hiring of new staff plays a crucial role in development of the organization which need to be carried with due care (Stredwick, 2005) Hiring of new workforce requires lot of strategic decisions. One has to plan the overall hiring structure in a way so that it benefits the organization. Staffing of right people at the right place is a necessity in every organization. For a new restaurant it is necessary to recruit as per the layout of the restaurant. A target oriented approach is necessary for achieving the appropriate results. Ms. Vivienne should focus on recruiting either through advertisements, or management consultancy, or through some acquaintances etc. For a new restaurant she must recruit a head chef who has an experience in Chinese recipes. As she is completely new to the concept of hospitality management it is recommended if she seek consultancy from someone who has experience in hospitality. The senior staff needs to be having experience in this field. She can hire newly graduate students from the hospitality industry as it will cost her less than other. She should inculcate a short training process into h er human resource development plan to brief the staff with her requirements. Opening of a restaurant requires lot of innovation, creativity and lot of hard work (Wilton, 2010). Starting a new food business is very interesting however it requires lot of compliance and legal activities. There are several steps attached before initiating the food business. The government has made strict compliances to focus on the health of the consumers. It is compulsory for every business organization to focus on the legal framework before jumping into the food market. It is necessary to buy a license from a local council. Every local body has their own rules and regulation which are made mandatory by the government. The company needs to notify the food which it is selling to the public. There is mandatory licensing process which needs to be followed before operating the live business. The Australian government has made it mandatory to provide food safety training to its employees. The company must focus on following the strict policies which are made compulsory by the government. The hotel needs to follow the food safety regulations which are established by the Food Safety Authority Australia and New Zealand. An organization strategy is based on the human resource management. HR planning is largely based on various internal and external factors. Profit earning and continuous growth is the main aim of any business. The human resource strategy should match the requirements of the organization. A new restaurant needs lot of efforts in matching the requirements with the available resources. People of the organization are held responsible for its growth. If the organization dont have proper workforce it will hamper the long term growth (Regis, 2008). A company must focus on achieving the strategic business objectives where attention needs to be given on every aspect of the business. It is necessary to divide the job of each individual according to the size of the company. Human resource includes various strategies which are essential to be adopted while filing the jobs. The number and the type of the employees depend on the size of the company. The size of the employees depends on the type of business plan. There is a need of regular availability of employees to meet the goals of the organization. Ms.Vivienne needs to make an in-depth research into the hotel industry before making any decision about the jobs. Before delegating the job to the employees it is necessary to brief them about their duty. A H.R needs to describe the job to the employees which involves creating an authority with responsibility. It is critical to create an elaborate job description in order to achieve the required task. Strategic human resource planning s ets responsibility of each person to guarantee growth (Mello, 2014). An organization is new to its people which can only operate well if the employees are satisfied with the organization they are working on. There is a need to create role of each individual working with the organization. This creates a sense of belongingness to the organization. Setting the role of each individual decreases the chances of disputes in future. They should adopt competency based recruitment system in order to see a significant change in the organizational structure. The management should focus on adopting the competency based recruitment process which will help in adhering to the requirements. Human resource is a pervasive job. It affects almost every operation of the organization. All the activities in an organization are inter-related with each other. The human resource is an important asset of an organization. There is a necessity of recruiting the employees who has an experience in hotel industry. Prior experience is an added advantage to an organization (Gary, 2010. The key issues are in choosing the right employee and employing him at a right place. Opening a new restaurant involves lot of capital which makes human resourcing a difficult task. The cost of recruiting the high skilled chefs can put a burden on the newly established restaurant. Initial cost cutting is essential to achieve a stable growth for a long run process. The company has to focus on the overall strategies to achieve the stable growth through the human resource practice. The special desires and requirements need to be specified to achieve the results (OFallon and Rutherford, 2011). Special focus needs to be given on the structure of the organization as it affects the overall growth. Before making a choice about the employees it is necessary to focus on the individual skill and to delegate the job according to the required conditions. The legal compliance is a mandatory issue while dealing with the restaurant operations. The government has made mandatory rules to train the staff about the food safety measures which can create a disturbance in an initial stage. Providing food safety training to new employees is a difficult process to inculcating the training process that helps in developing the issues which are essential for the growth of the restaurant. Recruiting the right employee is a crucial decision which decides the future of the restaurant. A restaurant quality depends upon the services and the food quality. One cannot compromise with the cost of the employees because it will directly affect the quality of the restaurant. Quality assurance is a necessity Ms. Vivienne needs to focus on every department equally before making any decision. A strategic human resource decision requires specialized skills. She should focus all her efforts in making the best choice for her restaurant through recruitment process (Lucas, 2004). Conclusions The human resource practices are essential for an organization to incorporate the wellbeing of an organization. Restaurant needs to focus on the strategies which are important for the well being of the organization. The HRM practices of the company should be diversified in adopting the different atmosphere. It is necessary to focus on the overall benefit keeping in mind the structure. As the case study reflects that the size of the restaurant is necessary to decide the overall productivity. As they are new to the market there is a necessity to understand the role of human resource practices recruit without compromising on quality. References Armstrong, M.2006.AHandbook of Human Resource Management Practice. Kogan Page Stredwick, J.2005. An introduction to human resource Management.Routledge Regis, R.2008. Strategic Human Resource Management and Development. Excel Books Mello, J.2014. Strategic human resource management. Cengage Learning Lucas, R.2004. Employment relations in the hospitality and tourism industry. Psychology Press OFallon, M. and Rutherford, D .2011.Hotel Management and Operations. Wiley Gary, D. 2010.Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. Pearson Education Santacruz, S.2016. Everything You Need to Know about Starting a Food Business. Online. Retrieved from: https://www.foodsafety.com.au/resources/articles/everything-you-need-to-know-about-starting-a-food-business Accessed on 23 September 2016 Bratton, J. Strategic Human Resource Management. . Online. Retrieved from: https://andewal.com/archive/strategic_hrm_c2.pdf Accessed on 23 September 2016 Wilton, W.2010. An introduction to human resource management. SAGE Cooke, F.2001. Human resource strategy to improve organizational performance: a route for firms in Britain? International Journal of Management Review .Volume 3, Issue 4December 2001 Pages 321339 Nankervis, A. R., (1993). Enhancing Productivity in the Australian Hotel Industry: The Role of Human Resource Management, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 1(1), 17-39.